Conflicts of interests on the issue of Timber Exploitation within the Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve, Acre, Brazil

This paper analyzes the problematic situation of commercial timber exploitation as a land use option in the community of Rio Branco, located in the Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve, Acre, Brazil, and examines the controversial implementation of the Community Forest Management Project (CFMP). Interviews with extractivists and representatives from nine government and non-government organizations resulted in a list of eight desired land use practices. Each of the interviewees was asked to rank the land uses according to his/her individual priorities. Through the use of the Indicator of Sustainability in Systems of Interests (ISSI), the degree of convergence was calculated between the interest (rank of priorities) of each extractivist and the collective interest, as well as between the interests of the extractivists and other institutions. Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) management and shifting cultivation are the preferred land uses noted by extractivists who are ‘non-participants’ in the CFMP, who attribute minimum priority to timber exploitation. Those who participate in CFMP rank timber exploitation as their top priority. Members of government institutions and NGOs indicated a preference for land uses that cause less impact on the forest, choices that are closer to the group of ‘non-participant’ extractivists than to the ‘participant’ group. In a second round of ranking, CFMP ‘participants’ significantly changed their previous choices, this time electing management of NTFPs and shifting cultivation as their top priorities. The results revealed that the issue of timber exploitation in the Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve constitutes a complex system of interests and that some extractivists do not feel confident in relation to the consequences of the implementation of the project, i.e., the project was not sufficiently mature to be implemented

Biodisponibilidade do cálcio do grão de amaranto antes e após extrusão

Calcium bioavailability of raw and extruded amaranth grains was assessed in a biological assay in rats. Rats were fed for 28 days on diets in which raw or extruded amaranth was the only calcium source, compared to a control diet with calcium carbonate. Calcium and phosphorous levels were determined in the rats' serum during the experimental period and in the bones at the end of the experiment. Amaranth extrusion increased its calcium bioavailability, assessed by tibia and femur weights and calcium and phosphorous content of the bones. Apparent calcium absorption index, the force needed to break the bones and bone densitometry of both extruded and raw amaranth were the same, though different from the control group. The results show that amaranth can be a complementary source of dietary calcium the bioavailability of which is favorably modified by the extrusion process.A biodisponibilidade do cálcio de amaranto antes e após extrusão foi avaliada em ensaio biológico. Ratos, alimentados por 28 dias com dietas em que amaranto, antes ou após extrusão, era a única fonte de cálcio da dieta, foram comparados com animais em dieta controle com teor próximo de cálcio, oferecido na forma de carbonato de cálcio. Cálcio e fósforo foram determinados no soro dos animais durante o período experimental e nos ossos, ao final do experimento. A extrusão do amaranto aumentou a biodisponibilidade do seu cálcio, quando avaliado pelo conteúdo de cálcio e fósforo da tíbia e fêmur dos animais, bem como pelo peso desses ossos. O índice aparente de absorção de cálcio, força para romper os ossos e densidade óssea foram iguais antes e após a extrusão do amaranto e diferentes do grupo controle. Os resultados mostram que o amaranto pode ser uma fonte complementar de cálcio e que sua biodisponibilidade aumenta com o processo de extrusão.(CAPES) Coordenação do Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - PICDT ProgramFAPES

Metodologia para Determinação da Área a Partir da qual a

One of the aims of the Regional Forest Planning is the definition of the minimum area of the management units, which will be compelled to base their management in Forest Management Plans (PGF), elaborated according to the rules defined by the Decreto-Lei nº 205/99 of 9 of June. The use of forest management plans is already a reality in part of the forest area of Alentejo. The option for this instrument of management decision was taken by the majority of the management units where dimension and complexity converge. Some agro forest management units, where the effects of the economy of scale are present, are examples. The non generalization of this type of instrument to support management is essentially due to the fact that the gains attained are null or even negative when the management units are in a lower baseline of dimension and complexity. In order to define, in an adequate way, the minimum area above which is profitable to a management unit to adopt a management procedure based on a forest management plan an analysis, based on the agricultural e enterprise level of income, was carried out

Quemaduras, el metabolismo y los requerimientos nutricionales

Objectives: To review the nutritional evaluation in burned patient, considering the literature descriptions of nutritional evaluation and energy requirements of these patients.Introduction: Thermal injury is the traumatic event with the highest metabolic response in critically ill patients. Various mathematical formulas have been developed to estimate nutritional requirements in burned patient. Indirect Calorimetry is the only method considered gold standard for measuring caloric expenditure.Methods: A survey of the literature and data was collected based on official data bases, LILACS, EMBASE and PubMed.Results: the metabolic changes involved in hypermetabolism are designed to supply energy to support immune function, brain activity, wound healing, and preservation of body tissues. Body weight is considered the easiest indicator and perhaps the best to assess the nutritional status. the most common formulas utilized in these patients are the Curreri, Pennisi, Schofield, Ireton-Jones, Harris-Benedict and the ASPEN recommendations. for children is the Mayes and World Health Organization formula. the majority of mathematical formulas overestimate the nutritional needs. the regular use of Indirect Calorimetry supplies adequate nutritional support to the burn patient.Discussion: the traditional nutritional evaluation considers anthropometry, biochemical markers and estimation of nutritional requirements. the weight provides a basis for decisions that are established in the clinical context. Classic parameters can be adapted to intensive care environment.Conclusions: the use of Indirect Calorimetry is crucial to ensure the safety of the nutritional support of burn patients and this should be widely encouraged. (Nutr Hosp. 2011;26:692-700) DOI:10.3305/nh.2011.26.4.5217Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Postgrad Course Surg, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Plast Surg, Dept Surg, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Postgrad Course Surg, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Plast Surg, Dept Surg, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Control of the skin scarring response

There comes a time when the understanding of the cutaneous healing process becomes essential due to the need for a precocious tissue repair to reduce the physical, social, and psychological morbidity. Advances in the knowledge on the control of interaction among cells, matrix and growth factors will provide more information on the Regenerative Medicine, an emerging area of research in medical bioengineering. However, considering the dynamism and complexity of the cutaneous healing response, it is fundamental to understand the control mechanism exerted by the interaction and synergism of both systems, cutaneous nervous and central nervous, via hypothalamus hypophysis-adrenal axis, a relevant subject, but hardly ever explored. The present study reviews the neuro-immune-endocrine physiology of the skin responsible for its multiple functions and the extreme disturbances of the healing process, like the excess and deficiency of the extracellular matrix deposition.Aproxima-se uma época na qual é fundamental a compreensão do processo cicatricial cutâneo frente à necessidade da restauração tecidual precoce, visando a diminuição das morbidades física, social e psicológica. O avanço no conhecimento acerca do controle das interações entre as células, a matriz e os fatores de crescimento dará maiores informações à Medicina Regenerativa, área de pesquisa emergente da bioengenharia médica. Entretanto, diante do dinamismo e complexidade da resposta cicatricial cutânea torna-se indispensável o entendimento do mecanismo de controle exercido pela interação e sinergismo do sistema nervoso cutâneo e o sistema nervoso central, via eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal, tema relevante, porém, pouco abordado. O presente estudo revisa a fisiologia neuro-imuno-endócrina da pele, responsável por suas múltiplas funções, e os distúrbios extremos do processocicatricial, como o excesso e deficiência de deposição da matriz extracelular.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cirurgia PlásticaUNIFESP, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cirurgia PlásticaSciEL

Allelopathic effect of Solanum lycocarpum A. St.-Hil. leaves on the germination and growth of Sesamum indicum L. (Pedaliaceae) under different temperatures

Alelopatia pode ser definida como o efeito maléfico ou benéfico que uma planta exerce sobre a outra por meio de compostos químicos liberados no ambiente. Diversas espécies do gênero Solanum apresentam evidências de propriedades alelopáticas. S. lycocarpum A. St.-Hil (lobeira) é espécie de ampla distribuição em ambientes perturbados do Cerrado. No presente trabalho foram investigados efeitos alelopáticos de extratos de folhas de lobeira na germinação e no crescimento do gergelim (Sesamum indicum L.). Extratos aquosos das folhas foram preparados nas concentrações de 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% e 5% (p/v). A osmolaridade dos extratos foi medida e soluções de polietileno glicol (PEG 6000), de osmolaridade similar, foram preparadas para avaliar possíveis efeitos osmóticos dos extratos aquosos. Nos testes de germinação, as sementes de gergelim foram colocadas em placas de Petri forradas com papel de filtro com a solução a ser testada e observadas a cada 8h. Para os experimemtos de crescimento, sementes de gergelim foram germinadas em água e posteriormente dispostas para crescimento nos extratos. Após 5 dias, foram medidos os comprimentos da parte aérea e radicular das plântulas. Todos os experimentos foram conduzidos a 22ºC, 30ºC e 38ºC. Observou-se que os extratos de folhas não afetaram a germinabilidade, mas aumentaram o tempo médio de germinação em uma relação próxima à dose-dependente, nas três temperaturas. Quanto ao crescimento, a parte radicular foi a mais afetada pelos extratos aquosos, apresentando redução no tamanho, necroses, ausência de pêlos absorventes e formação de raízes laterais. Os efeitos dos extratos no crescimento das plântulas foram mais evidentes a 38ºC. Os experimentos conduzidos com soluções de PEG 6000 mostraram que os efeitos observados na presença dos extratos não são de natureza osmótica. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTAllelopathy should be defined as any stimulatory or inhibitory effect by one plant on another through production of chemical compounds released into the environment. Several Solanum species have shown some allelopathic property. S. lycocarpum is largely distributed on disturbed areas of the Brazilian Cerrado. In the present study the effects of aqueous extracts of S. lycocarpum leaves on the germination and growth of Sesanum indicum L. (sesame) were investigated. Aqueous leaf extracts at concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% (w/v) were prepared. The osmolarity of the extracts were measured and solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) of similar osmolarity were prepared to evaluate osmotic effects of the extracts on sesame germination and growth. The experiments were carried out on petri dishes lined by two layers of filter paper plus the solutions to be tested. For the germination experiments the number of germinated seeds was checked every 8h. For the growth experiments sesame seeds were previously germinated in water and disposed to grow in the extracts. After five days of incubation the root and shoot length of the seedlings was measured. All the experiments were performed at 22ºC, 30ºC and 38ºC. The extracts did not affect the germinability but increased the average germination time in a dose-dependent manner at the three temperatures. The root growth was more affected by the extracts, showing tip-necrosis, absence of root hairs, and formation of secondary roots. These effects were more evident at 38ºC. Using PEG 6000 it was shown that the observed effects were not due to osmotic properties of the leaf extracts

BIBLIOMETRIC MAPPING OF PAPERS ON GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (2007-2016)

The amount of researchers and scientific papers rapidly grows, annually. The metrics to analyze the quality and quantity of these publications have consolidated in the academic world. A bibliometric mapping of scientific papers on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) published between 2007 and 2016 was carried out. The sample analyzed 2,053 papers, extracted from twenty journals of the Web of Science Core Collection platform. The following were evaluated: total number of publications, production by area of knowledge and by country, authors, periodicals and the most cited words. The results shows that 2012 and 2013 were the most productive periods, and that the annual growth rate of publication was 1.8%. The most significant academic areas were Geography, Computer Science, Physical Geography, and Environmental Sciences/Ecology. The three major publishing clusters were North America, Western Europe, and Eastern Asia. The International Journal of Geographic Information Science was considered the most important journal. The most relevant topics were cellular automata, relationship between GIS and users, integration of GIS with remote sensing, different land use classification methods, and critical reflections on technologies and GIS